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Predictability of copper, irgarol, and diuron combined effects on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

TitlePredictability of copper, irgarol, and diuron combined effects on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus
Publication TypeArticolo su Rivista peer-reviewed
Year of Publication2008
AuthorsManzo, Sonia, Buono S., and Cremisini C.
JournalArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Volume54
Pagination57-68
ISSN00904341
Keywords2 tert butylamino 4 cyclopropylamino 6 methylthio 1, 3, 5 triazine, Animals, article, bioaccumulation, Chemical, controlled study, Copper, Cytotoxicity, Diuron, echinoderm, Echinoidea, Embryo, Embryonic Development, embryotoxicity, Female, fertilization, herbicide, Herbicides, male, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, nonhuman, Nonmammalian, Paracentrotus, Paracentrotus lividus, priority journal, progeny, Sea urchin, skeleton malformation, spermatocyte, Spermatozoa, Toxicity, Triazines, Water Pollutants
Abstract

The aim of this work was to investigate the mixture toxicity of Irgarol (2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine), Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), and copper upon the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and to compare the observed data with the predictions derived from approaches of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). Copper spermiotoxicity was more sensitive (EC50 = 0.018 mg/L) than embryotoxicity (EC50 = 0.046 mg/L). The offspring malformations were mainly P1 type (skeletal alterations) in both cases, probably because copper competes to fix Ca2+. Irgarol and Diuron toxicity has been previously investigated. EC50 mixture embryotoxicity showed an EC50 of 1.79 mg/L, whereas spermiotoxicity mixture effects were lower than 11%. Both CA and IA modeling approaches failed to predict accurately mixture toxicity. For embryotoxicity, the IA model overestimated the mixture toxicity at effect levels of <80%. CA does not represent the worst-case approach showing values lower than IA (embryotoxicity) or similar (spermiotoxicity). © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

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URLhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37549023098&doi=10.1007%2fs00244-007-9009-1&partnerID=40&md5=9880eb4e23c5cc55236b24bb49498569
DOI10.1007/s00244-007-9009-1
Citation KeyManzo200857